This gives a value of 47 decimal. The Commodore 64 automatically sets the data direction register to this value.

The control lines, in general, perform the function given in their descriptions. However, a combination of control lines are occasionally used to get a particular memory configuration.

LORAM (bit 0) can generally be thought of as a control line which banks the 8K byte BASIC ROM in and out of the microprocessor address space. Normally, this line is HIGH for BASIC operation. If this line is programmed LOW, the BASIC ROM will disappear from the memory map and be replaced by 8K bytes of RAM from $A000-$BFFF.

HIRAM (bit 1) can generally be thought of as a control line which banks the 8K byte KERNAL ROM in and out of the microprocessor address space. Normally, this line is HIGH for BASIC operation. If this line is programmed LOW, the KERNAL ROM will disappear from the memory map and be replaced by 8K bytes of RAM from $E000-$FFFF.

CHAREN (bit 2) is used only to bank the 4K byte character generator ROM in or out of the microprocessor address space. From the processor point of view, the character ROM occupies the same address space as the I/O devices ($D000-$DFFF). When the CHAREN line is set to 1 (as is normal), the I/O devices appear in the microprocessor address space, and the character ROM is not accessable. When the CHAREN bit is cleared to 0, the character ROM appears in the processor address space, and the I/O devices are not accessable. (The microprocessor only needs to access the character ROM when downloading the character set from ROM to RAM. Special care is needed for this . . . see the section on PROGRAMMABLE CHARACTERS in the GRAPHICS chapter). CHAREN can be overridden by other control lines in certain memory configurations. CHAREN will have no effect on any memory configuration without I/O devices. RAM will appear from $D000-$DFFF instead.