The following conventions are used in describing the KERNAL routines:

• FUNCTION NAME: Name of the KERNAL routine.
• CALL ADDRESS: This is the call address of the KERNAL routine, given in hexadecimal.
• COMMUNICATION REGISTERS: Registers listed under this heading are used to pass parameters to and from the KERNAL routines.
• PREPARATORY ROUTINES: Certain KERNAL routines require that data be set up before they can operate. The routines needed are listed here.
• ERROR RETURNS: A return from a KERNAL routine with the CARRY set indicates that an error was encountered in processing. The accumulator will contain the number of the error.
• STACK REQUIREMENTS: This is the actual number of stack bytes used by the KERNAL routine.
• REGISTERS AFFECTED: All registers used by the KERNAL routine are listed here.
• DESCRIPTION: A short tutorial on the function of the KERNAL routine is given here.

The list of the KERNAL routines follows.